Weird. Just confirming: You can launch QB just fine if you hold down the option key (which prevents it from opening a file). But then when you try and open a file you get this crash.
Two things to try. First is to clear out the preferences:
1. Quit QuickBooks.
2. Hold down the option key and choose Go->Library from the Finder.
3. In the window that opens (Library) double click on the Preferences folder to open it.
4. Find the com.intuit.quickbooks2019.plist file. Drag that to the trash.
5. Relaunch QuickBooks. Did that fix it?
Second thing to try. Turn off third party extensions:
1. Reboot your computer and hold down the shift key as it reboots. This disables third party extensions and drivers.
2. Try QuickBooks again. Does it work?
There's a third thing you can try a swell:
1. Move the file out of the Dropbox folder and put it in your documents folder.
2. Can you open it in QB from there?
Finally, if none of these works, try opening the Sample Product file from the window that shows up if no company is open. Does that open?
Let me know here what you find out. If none of these work we can dig deeper. If its a bug I'd sure like to know more so we can fix it.
I did a search on some old forum communication and found another person who had run into this same issue. In their case the trash had the wrong permissions on it and QuickBooks was failing when trying to verify that the company file wasn't in the trash. QuickBooks couldn't read the trash folder.
Double click on the Trash can to open the Trash window. With that window open and in the foreground choose File->Get Info. At the bottom of the Trash Info window it will show you the permissions for the Trash. It should have your logged in user set with Read & Write permission and everyone else with No Access. If you don't have that reset it to be that way. Let me know here if that was the issue.