You can take a Section 179 deduction (100% depreciation) for the laptop in the year it is placed into service - see Part II, line 13 of Schedule C. If you don't take it in the year it is placed into service, you will have to depreciate it over 5 years ($600/yr).
I'm not super familiar with QBSE but I don't believe that you can accurately enter a transaction like this in QBSE. The proper way to record the purchase and payments would be to create a journal entry by debiting a fixed asset account for the laptop and crediting a loan payable liability. Then, when $300 is added to your Apple Card, debit the loan payable, credit the Apple Card liability account. Then you can pay the card balance.
To book the Section 179 depreciation, debit Section 179 Depreciation expense account and credit accumulated depreciation.
At this point you have everything recorded properly - the laptop has been recorded as a fixed asset and fully depreciated. The amount owed on the laptop is booked as a liability and you will create a monthly journal entry to move the $300 from the loan to your Apple Card and make the payment. The loan balance will reduce by $300 each month until it is paid off.
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